sexta-feira, julho 27, 2007

A Propriedade das terras na Palestina no final do Mandato Britânico - 1946 a 1948

Um fato importante a se considerar em relação ao plano de partição da Palestina, adotado pela Assembléia Geral da ONU em 29 de novembro de 1947, se refere à propriedade das terras no período imediatamente anterior.

De acordo com o "Survey of Palestine", publicado em 1946 pelo Comitê Anglo-Americano independente, temos a seguinte divisão de terras:

8,6 % --> propriedade de judeus

28,6 % --> propriedade de árabes. Obs: se retirarmos as áreas de pastagens beduínas ( 8,4% ) e terras desertificadas ( 13,4% ) , o total de terras de propriedade árabe passaria para 6,8 %. Segundo as leis agrárias britânicas e turcas as pastagens beduínas e as terras desertificadas não podiam ser legalmente adquiridas.

62,8% --> propriedade do Estado

Outra fonte importante que confirma os dados acima (com alguma variação dos percentuais) vêm de um artigo do site MidEastWeb. Este site possui uma visão balanceada dos fatos, visões e notícias do Oriente Médio. Segundo ele (tradução minha em português, negrito meu): "Uma comissão de inquérito anglo-americana em 1945 e 1946 examinou o status da Palestina. Nenhum censo oficial estava disponível, já que nenhum censo foi conduzido na Palestina em 1940, portanto seus dados foram baseados em extrapolações e suposições. De acordo com o relatório, no final de 1946, em torno de 1.220.000 árabes e 608.000 judeus residiam nas fronteiras da Palestina do Mandato britânico. Os judeus compraram de 6 a 8 por cento da área total da Palestina. Este total correspondia a 20% da terra que poderia ser cultivada e residida. Em torno de 46 por cento da terra estava registrada em nome de vilas árabes, árabes vivendo na Palestina ou proprietários não residentes na Palestina. E mais ou menos o mesmo percentual (em torno de 46 %) era terra do governo. Porém, muitas dessas terras árabes não eram de propriedade privada. Os árabes da Palestina receberam muitas de suas terras na forma de aluguel condicional desde que as cultivassem ou as usassem como propriedades comunais de vilas."

O texto original em inglês:
"An Anglo-American commission of inquiry in 1945 and 1946 examined the status of Palestine. No official census figures were available, as no census had been conducted in Palestine in 1940, so all their surmises and figures are based on extrapolations and surmises. According to the report, at the end of 1946, About 1,220,000 Arabs and 608,000 Jews resided within the borders of Mandate Palestine. Jews had purchased 6 to 8 percent of the total land area of Palestine. This was about 20% of the land that could be settled and cultivated. About 46% of the land was registered in the tax registers to Arab villages, to Arabs living on the land, or absentee owners, and about the same amount was government land. However, most of this land was not privately owned. The Arabs of Palestine had received much of their land in leases conditional upon cultivation or used land that was part of village commons."

E, para finalizar, uma fonte imparcial (aliás, nem sempre, pois a ONU costuma ser extremamente pró-palestinos e pró-árabes devido à força política e econômica do petróleo). Os dados foram obtidos do livro de Michael Fishbach, chamado "Records of Dispossession: Palestinian Refugee Property and The Arab-Israeli Conflict". De acordo com Fishbach, a UNCCP (United Nations Conciliation Comission for Palestine) fez uma detalhada pesquisa concluída no ano de 2000 acerca do escopo de terras de propriedade árabe em 1948 e chegou ao valor de 4.851.613,978 dunums (medida de área do período otomano e que corresponde a 1000 metros quadrados). Lembramos que, de acordo com Kenneth Stein no livro "The Land Question in Palestine", a área total da Palestina gira em torno de 26.300.000 de dununs. Podemos então confirmar, embasados nos dados das Nações Unidas, que os árabes em 1948 possuíam como propriedade um pouco menos de 20 por cento da área total da Palestina.

Portanto, fica claro que a grande maioria das terras da Palestina era de propriedade do Estado. É um mito a informação que aparece em muitos sites palestinos (vide um exemplo) declarando que mais de 90% das terras da Palestina pertenciam aos palestinos. É fácil notar como é possível mascarar os fatos olhando claramente para o mapa da página colocada no site palestino e que está reproduzido abaixo.


As terras judaicas são colocadas em uma cor e na outra cor é colocada a seguinte informação: "Palestinian and Publicy Owned Land", isto é, terras Palestinas e públicas. Juntar os dados das terras públicas com as terras árabes dá a impressão de que o plano de partição foi injusto, o que não é verdade.

É importante lembrar que o mandato da Palestina da Liga da Nações, dado ao Império Britânico e aprovado em julho de 1922, dava como tarefa aos britânicos os seguintes artigos cruciais:

"- ARTICLE 2. The Mandatory shall be responsible for placing the country under such political, administrative and economic conditions as will secure the establishment of the Jewish national home, as laid down in the preamble, and the development of self­governing institutions, and also for safeguarding the civil and religious rights of all the inhabitants of Palestine, irrespective of race and religion."

"- ARTICLE 6. The Administration of Palestine, while ensuring that the rights and position of other sections of the population are not prejudiced, shall facilitate Jewish immigration under suitable conditions and shall encourage, in co­operation with the Jewish agency referred to in Article 4, close settlement by Jews on the land, including State lands and waste lands not required for public purposes."

Portanto, o Mandato da Liga das Nações definia claramente o propósito de assentar a imigração judaica em terras públicas e improdutivas, bem como assegurar o estabelecimento de um Lar Nacional Judaico.

Esse site de exemplo palestino, portanto, busca levianamente distorcer os dados históricos levantados pelo comitê independente. Seu claro intuito é o de propagandear o mito de que as terras palestinas teriam sido roubadas pelos sionistas. Partes dessas propriedades do Estado, de acordo com a resolução da ONU, passaram do Poder Mandatário britânico para seu regime sucessor legal: Israel.

Analisando o mapa abaixo, pode-se ainda notar que grande parte dessas propriedades alocadas ao novo Estado Judeu estavam no deserto do Negev. Aproximadamente 60 % das terras do novo Estado judeu eram formadas por desertos enquanto o novo Estado Árabe recebeu a maior parte das terras cultiváveis.





Fontes pesquisadas:

Aumman, Moshe - "Land Ownership in Palestine, 1880-1948" in Michael Curtis, et al., The Palestinians, p. 29

Avneri, Arieh - The Claim of Dispossession, p. 252

Bard, Mitchell - Myths and Facts Online: Partition

Council of the League of Nations - The Palestine Mandate
Katz, Samuel - Battleground: Fact & Fantasy in Palestine, pp. 268-269

Fishbach, Michael - Records of Dispossession: Palestinian Refugee Property and The Arab-Israeli Conflict

Government of Palestine - A survey of Palestine: Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American committee of inquiry, p. 257

MidEastWeb - Population of Ottoman and Mandate Palestine - Statistical and Demographic Considerations

Safian, Alexander - Can Arabs Buy Land in Israel?

Safian, Alexander - Land, the Palestinian Authority, and Israel

Stein, Kenneth - The Land Question in Palestine, 1917-1939

Tilsen, Jon-Jay, Ottoman Land Registration Law as a Contributing Factor in the Israeli-Arab Conflict

United Nations A/35/643 - Letter dated 17 November 1980 from the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General

segunda-feira, julho 23, 2007

Coletânea de informações sobre Israel e o Oriente Médio

Abaixo segue uma excelente coletânea de referências e links na Internet sobre Israel e o Oriente Médio, divididos por assuntos. Grande parte dessas referências foi retirada do site de Paul Bogdanor.

Referências Gerais

Paul Bogdanor, Understanding the Arab-Israeli Conflict

Louis Rene Beres, Attempted Genocide From the Start

Efraim Karsh, The Long Trail of Arab Anti-Semitism

Nazi Activities in North Africa and the Middle East During the Era of the Holocaust

Matthias Kuntzel, National Socialism and Anti-Semitism in the Arab World

David Trafford, Beyond the Pale: Nazism, Holocaust Denal and the Arab World

Robert Wistrich, Muslim Anti-Semitism: A Clear and Present Danger

Robert Wistrich, The Old-New Anti-Semitism

MEMRI, Antisemitism Documentation Project

MEMRI TV, Antisemitism

MEMRI TV, Arafat's Culture of Hatred and Violence

"Kill a Jew - Go To Heaven": A Study of the Palestinian Authority's Promotion of Genocide

The Hate Industry: Syria as a Source For the Distribution of Anti-Semitic Literature

Ficções anti-sionistas

Bat Yeor, Culture of Hate

Steven Plaut, Who Stole the Holy Land?

Chaim Herzog, Response to Zionism-is-Racism Resolution

Alexander Yakobson and Amnon Rubinstein, Democratic Norms, Diasporas, and Israel's Law of Return

David E. Bernstein, Unasked Questions

Ted Lapkin, The Hidden Meaning of Anti-Zionism

As'ad Ghanem and Asher Susser, Dialogue on The Future Vision of the Palestinian Arabs in Israel

Brian Klug and Robert Wistrich, When is Opposition to Israel and Its Policies Anti-Semitic?

Daniel Pipes, Imperial Israel: The Nile-to-Euphrates Calumny

Efraim Karsh, Arab Imperialism: The Tragedy of the Middle East

Efraim Karsh, Pan-Muslim Fiction

Adam M. Garfinkle, On the Origin, Meaning and Abuse of a Phrase

CAMERA, False Zionist Quotes

História árabe-israelense

Mitchell Bard, Myths and Facts

William J. Bennett, Jack Kemp and Jeane Kirkpatrick, Twenty Facts About Israel and the Middle East

Dennis Prager, Explaining the Arab-Israeli Conflict Through Numbers

Daniel Pipes, Palestinian Word Games

Menachem Kellner, Resisting Falsehood and Protecting Integrity

Os "Novos" Historiadores israelenses

Efraim Karsh, Rewriting Israel's History

Efraim Karsh, Benny Morris's Reign of Error, Revisited: The Post-Zionist Critique

Efraim Karsh, Pure Pappe

Robert B. Satloff, Benny Morris and Israel's Border Wars

Michael B. Oren, Who Started It?

Tragédias de refugiados

Efraim Karsh, Were the Palestinians Expelled?

Arabs Urged to Flee From Palestine in 1948

PA Daily: Arab Leaders Caused the Refugee Problem

Efraim Karsh, The Palestinians and the "Right of Return"

Yaacov Meron, Why Jews Fled the Arab Countries

Jewish Refugees From Arab Countries: The Case For Rights and Redress

Guerra e Pós-Guerra

Michael B. Oren, The Second War of Independence

Michael B. Oren, Did Israel Want the Six-Day War?

Moshe Gat, Nasser and the Six Day War, 5 June 1967

Isabella Ginor, The Cold War's Longest Cover-Up: How and Why the USSR Instigated the 1967 War

Efraim Karsh, What Occupation?

Farsas anti-sionistas

The Peace FAQ - Deir Yassin

What happened at Dir Yassin?

Was There a Massacre at Deir Yassin? The pro-PLO camp says yes; the historical documentation says otherwise

Meyrav Wurmser, Made-Up Massacre: The Tantura Affair, in Which Post-Zionist Israel Libels Its Own Past

Yoav Gelber, Folklore Versus History: The Tantura Blood Libel

PA Paid Legal Defense Fees of 1948 Tantura Affair Historian

The Katz Directory

Yehuda Kraut, Palestinian Spokesmen, Jenin Lies and Media Indifference

Yagil Henkin, Urban Warfare and the Lessons of Jenin

"Zombietime," The Red Cross Ambulance Incident

"Zombietime," Update: The Human Rights Watch Report

Avi Bell, Human Rights Watch: Troubling Report

Richard North, The Corruption of the Media

Avi Bell, Whose War Crimes in Lebanon?

HonestReporting, Covering the Conflict in the North

Steven Stotsky, Questioning the Number of Civilian Casualties in Lebanon

Escudos Humanos

Justus Reid Weiner, The Use of Palestinian Children in the Al-Aqsa Intifada

Justus Reid Weiner, Child Abuse: The New Islamic Cult of Martyrdom

Michelle Malkin, Terror Ambulances

Jacob Laksin, Media Lies and Hezbollah's Human Shields

Hizbullah Presents: How to Recruit Children

Egyptian Weekly on Hizbullah's Armed Children's Militias

Ditaduras árabes

Syrian Human Rights Committee, The Massacres of Hama

How Many People Has Hussein Killed?

Daniel Polisar, Yasser Arafat and the Myth of Legitmacy

Egyptian Police Crucify and Rape Christians

Mohamed Eljahmi, True to His Terrorist Ways

J. Peter Pham, Still at Large: Qadhafi the War Criminal

United States Committee for Refugees, 1.9 Million Dead From Sudan's Civil War

Survivors Rights International, Eradication of Terrorism Forestalled by Khartoum's Genocidal Policies

Eric Reeves, Sudan Research and Advocacy

Lei Internacional

Julius Stone, International Law and the Arab-Israeli Conflict

Ruth Lapidoth, Legal Aspects of the Palestinian Refugee Question

Alex Safian, The Palestinian Claim to a "Right of Return"

Barry Levenfeld, Israel's Counter-Fedayeen Tactics in Lebanon

David B. Rivkin et al., Attacks on Civilians and Infliction of Collateral Damage in the Middle East Conflict

Daniel Statman, Targeted Killing

Laurence E. Rothenburg and Abraham Bell, Israel's Anti-Terror Fence: The World Court Case

Robbie Sabel, Hezbollah, Israel, Lebanon and the Law of Armed Conflict

David B. Rivkin Jr. and Lee A. Casey, Israel is Within its Rights

J. Peter Pham and Michael I. Krauss, No Justice, No Peace?

Falhas das Nações Unidas ( ONU )

Anne Bayefsky, The UN and the Jews

Anne Bayefsky, One Small Step

Harris O. Schoenberg, Demonization in Durban: The World Conference Against Racism

Arlene Kushner, The UN's Palestinian Refugee Problem

Gina Benevento and Arlene Kushner, Exchange on Palestinian Refugees

Propaganda de ONGs

NGO Monitor, Summary Reports on NGOs

NGO Monitor, Amnesty International's Reporting of Human Rights Issues in the Arab-Israeli Conflict

Steven Plaut, Amnesty International - Not a Reliable Source

NGO Monitor, Human Rights Watch Archive

Avi Bell et al., Articles on Human Rights Watch

Alexander A. Weinreb and Avi Weinreb, Has Israel Used Indiscriminate Force?

Tamar Sternthal, B'Tselem, Los Angeles Times Redefine "Civilian"

Tamar Sternthal, B'Tselem's Annual Casualty Figures Questioned

Edwin Black, Funding Hate

O Processo de Paz

Efraim Karsh, Arafat's Grand Strategy

Jonathan D. Halevi, Understanding the Breakdown of Israeli-Palestinian Negotiations

MEMRI, The (Revised) Palestinian Account of Camp David I II III

Saul Singer, Camp David, Real and Invented

Dennis Ross, Camp David Maps

David Makovsky, Taba Mythchief

Joshua Muravchik, The Road Map to Nowhere

Yaakov Amidror, The Geneva Accord: A Strategic Assessment

Yossi Klein Halevi and Michael B. Oren, Fantasy

Saída da Faixa de Gaza

Yaakov Amidror, The Unilateral Withdrawal: A Security Error of Historical Magnitude

Daniel Pipes, "Today Gaza, Tomorrow Jerusalem"

Yehoshua Porath, Another Round in the War

Moshe Yaalon, Gaza Withdrawal Major Mistake

Daniel Pipes, Israel Shuns Victory

Nadav Morag, Disengagement's Military Lesson For the West Bank

Former Military Chief: Keep West Bank

Yaalon: We Need Churchills, Not Chamberlains

Caroline Glick, David Keyes and Kenneth Levin, Symposium: The New Taliban State?

Após o desengajamento

Barry Rubin, Appeasement Redux

Jonathan D. Halevi, Understanding the Direction of the New Hamas Government

Kenneth Levin, Hamas's Inevitable Israeli Apologists

Ben Fishman and Mohammad Yaghi, The Palestinian National Accord: Consensus at Any Cost

Gilead Ini, Prisoners' Document: Peace Plan or "Phased Plan"?

Moshe Arens, They Fell Asleep at the Wheel

Edward Alexander, The Dangerous Fantasy of Peaceful Arab Intent

Deborah Passner, Hassan Nasrallah: In His Own Words

C. Jacob and Y. Carmon, The Mecca Agreement

Caroline Glick, The Saudi Plan For Israel's Destruction

Ideologia Jihadista

Daniel Pipes, What is Jihad?

Daniel Pipes, What Do the Terrorists Want?

David Bukay, The Religious Foundations of Suicide Bombings

Timothy R. Furnish, "Islamic Fascism"

Jonathan D. Halevi, Al Qaeda's Intellectual Legacy

MEMRI, Contemporary Islamist Ideology Authorizing Genocidal Murder

Mitos das causas do terrorismo

John Perazzo, "Why Do They Hate Us?"

Haim Harari, The Eye of the Storm in the Middle East

David Meir-Levi, Terrorism: The Root Causes

Política Externa Americana

Max Boot, The End of Appeasement

Barry Rubin, The Truth About US Middle East Policy

Michael Rubin, Who is Responsible For the Taliban?

Michael Rubin, Sanctions on Iraq: A Valid Anti-American Grievance?

Diana West, Taking the High Road to Defeat

Diana West, Failure to See Jihad For What It Is

Apologética Jihadista

Timothy R. Furnish, 7 Myths About Islam

Efraim Karsh, Islam's Imperial Dreams

Efraim Karsh, Islamic Imperialism

W. D. Rubinstein, Slavery in the Islamic World: A Forgotten Horror Story

David M. Perry, Crusades Shouldn't be so Painful a Topic

Zuheir Abdullah, Why Do Arabs Hate the West, Especially the US?

Sa'ad bin Tefla, Zionism and Imperialism Have Nothing to Do With Our Culture of Violence

Mundir Badr Haloum, Terrorism Nests Within Us As Muslims...

Hashem Saleh, The London Massacre and Fundamentalist Fascism

Hussein Haqqani, Casting the Wrong Blame

Majdi Khalil, The Collapse of Common Beliefs About Terrorism and Its Justifications

Wafa Sultan, A Clash Between the Mentality of the Middle Ages and That of the 21st Century

Ibrahim Al-Buleihi, Terrorism is the Product of a Flaw in Arab and Muslim Culture

Fjordman, Are Muslims the Jews of Today?

Artigos sobre Israel, de um site de esquerda que mudou sua visão sobre o conflito árabe-israelense

Ahmadinejad's World

Nasrallah Delivered

Lebanon's Bankruptcy and UN Treachery: The Shebaa Farms Mock-Dispute

The British Record on Partition

How Arabs are indoctrinated in violent anti-Semitism

Is it Antisemitic to Criticize Israel? Is Israel an 'Apartheid State'?

Confessions of a Once-Hopeful Leftist, or How ‘Disengagement’ Reveals the True Character of the Proposed Arab State in the West Bank and Gaza

On the supposed ‘about face’ of some anti-Israeli historians (Benny Morris and Nathan Weinstock)

Understanding the Palestinian Movement - Parte 1 - Was Arab anti-Jewish racism in the first half of the 20th c. fundamentally different from the European variety?

Understanding the Palestinian Movement - Parte 2 - Was there, in British Mandate ‘Palestine,’ a ‘nationally conscious’ ‘Palestinian Arab people’?

Understanding the Palestinian Movement - Parte 3 - Did the Zionist Jews take something away from the Arabs in British Mandate 'Palestine'?

Understanding the Palestinian Movement - Parte 4 - How did the 'Palestinian movement' emerge? The British sponsored it. Then the German Nazis, and the US.

domingo, julho 22, 2007

Ministério da Educação de Israel aprova texto se referindo a 1948 como Nakba

Segundo um artigo do Haaretz e do Jerusalem Post, reproduzidos aqui, isso ocorreu e gerou um grande clamor em Israel.

Minha opinião é que isso com certeza é influência dos chamados "Novos historiadores" israelenses. O pior é deixar isso acontecer, sendo que grandes historiadores israelenses como Efraim Karsh, Anita Shapira, Itamar Rabinovich, Avraham Sela, Shabtai Teveth e Robert Satloff já demonstraram os erros e as omissões premeditadas desses "novos historiadores" israelenses para comprovar suas respectivas hipóteses (para saber mais vide esse artigo de Karsh: http://www.meforum.org/article/302 ).

Recomendo também fortemente a leitura dos livros do Efraim Karsh. Ele realmente detonou todos os mitos e distorções descritas pelos "novos historiadores" e também pela historiografia palestina. Recomendo especialmente o livro "Fabricating Israeli History" e vários de seus artigos do livro "Rethinking the Middle East" (especialmente os seguintes: "The Collusion that Never Was: King Abdallah, the Jewish Agency and the Partition of Palestine", "Were the Palestinian Expelled?", "The Palestinians and the Right of Return", "Rewriting Israel's History" e "Revisionists, Arabists and Pure Charlatans" ).

Pretendo, aos poucos, escrever resenhas e análises no meu blog baseadas nas informações desses e de outros livros da minha coleção "Oriente Médio" :-) .

Deixo, por fim, um pequeno texto de um dos livros (The Arab-Israeli Conflict: The Palestine War 1948) de Karsh:

"Even before the outbreak of hostilities, many Palestinian Arabs had already fled their homes. Still larger numbers left before war reached their doorstep. By April 1948, a month before Israel's declaration of independence, and at a time when the Arabs appeared to be winning the war, some 100,000 Palestinians, mostly from the main urban centres of Jaffa, Haifa and Jerusalem and from villages in the coastal plain, had gone. Within another month those numbers had nearly doubled; and by early

June, according to an internal Hagana report, some 390,000 Palestinians had left. By the time the fighting was over in early 1949, the number of refugees had risen to between 550,000 and 600,000.
Why did such vast numbers of Palestinians take to the road? There were the obvious reasons commonly associated with war: fear, disorientation, economic privation. But to these must be added the local Palestinians' disillusionment with their own leadership, the role taken by that leadership in forcing widespread evacuations and, perhaps above all, a lack of communal cohesion or of a willingness, especially at the highest levels, to subordinate personal interest to the general good.

In fact, the Palestinian peasants proved no more attached to the land than the educated classes. Rather than stay behind and fight, they followed in the footsteps of their urban brothers and took to the road from the first moments of the hostilities. Still, the lion's share of culpability for the Palestinian collapse and dispersion undoubtedly lies with the 'educated ones', whose lack of national sentiment, so starkly portrayed by Sharabi and Abu Lughod, set in train the entire Palestinian exodus. The moment its leading members chose to place their own safety ahead of all other considerations, the exodus became a foregone conclusion.
The British High Commissioner for Palestine, General Sir Alan Cunningham, summarised what was happening with quintessential British understatement:
The collapsing Arab morale in Palestine is in some measure due to the increasing tendency of those who should be leading them to leave the country ... For instance in Jaffa the Mayor went on four days' leave 12 days ago and has not returned, and half the National Committee has left. In Haifa the Arab members of the municipality left some time ago; the two leaders of the Arab Liberation Army left actually during the recent battle. Now the Chief Arab Magistrate has left. In all parts of the country the effendi class has been evacuating in large numbers over a considerable period and the tempo is increasing.

The desertion of the elites had a domino effect on the middle classes and the peasantry. But huge numbers of Palestinians were also driven out of their homes by their own leaders and/or by Arab military forces, whether out of military considerations or, more actively, to prevent them from becoming citizens of the nascent Jewish State. In the largest and best-known example of such a forced exodus, tens of thousands of Arabs were ordered or bullied into leaving the city of Haifa against their wishes on the instructions of the AHC, despite sustained Jewish efforts to convince them to stay. Only days earlier, thousands of Arabs in Tiberias had been similarly forced out by their own leaders. In Jaffa, the largest Arab community of Mandatory Palestine, the municipality organised the transfer of thousands of residents by land and sea, while in the town of Beisan in the Jordan valley, the women and children were ordered out as the Arab Legion dug in. And then there were the tens of thousands of rural villagers who were likewise forced out of their homes by order of the AHC, local Arab militias or the armies of the Arab states.
None of this is to deny that Israeli forces did on occasion expel Palestinians. But this accounted for only a small fraction of the total exodus, occurred not within the framework of a premeditated plan but in the heat of battle, and was dictated predominantly by ad hoc military considerations (notably the need to deny strategic sites to the enemy if there were no available Jewish forces to hold them). It will be recalled that the Hagana's military plan for rebuffing an anticipated pan-Arab invasion (Plan D) was predicated, in the explicit instructions of Israel Galili, the Hagana's chief-of-staff on the 'acknowledgement of the full rights, needs, and freedom of the Arabs in the Hebrew state without any discrimination, and a desire for co-existence on the basis of mutual

freedom and dignity'. Indeed, even the largest of the Israeli expulsions, during the battle for Lydda in July 1948, emanated from a string of unexpected developments on the ground and was in no way foreseen in military plans for the capture of the town or reflected in the initial phase of its occupation. It was only when the occupying forces encountered stiffer resistance than expected that they decided to 'encourage' the population's departure to Arab-controlled areas, a few miles to the east, so as not to leave a hostile armed base at the rear of the Israeli advance and to clog the main roads in order to forestall a possible counter-attack by the Arab Legion."


Notícia do Haaretz e do Jerusalem Post:

Education Ministry approves text referring to 1948 as 'Nakba'

By Yoav Stern, Haaretz Correspondent and Haaretz Service


Education Minister Yuli Tamir announced Sunday that the ministry has approved a school text describing the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 as 'Nakba', or catastrophe, for use in Israeli Arab schools.

"The Arab public deserves to be allowed to express its feelings," Tamir told Israel Radio.

In an unprecedented move, the ministry approved a text for third grade children that referrs to the events of 1948 as catastrophic, saying Arab citizens were expelled from their homes and became refugees after their lands were confiscated by Israel.

The book also emphasizes that Arabs rejected the United Nations partition plan, calling for the division of the territory between Arabs and Jews, which it says the Jews were prepared to accept it.

Tamir informed the Knesset of the Education Ministry's decision on Sunday. Arab factions welcomed the initiative and called for the publication of the same version in Jewish school texts.

"The majority must not be allowed to exist inside its own narrative bubble and deny the existence of other views," said MK Ahmed Tibi of Ra'am Ta'al. MK Hana Sawid of Hadash hailed the move as a positive step towards boosting the Arab community's faith in the education system. He called on Tamir to include classical Arabic poetry in the Jewish school curriculum.

In an interview with Army Radio, Yisrael Beitenu Chairman Avigdor Lieberman slammed the move, calling it an example of the Israeli left wing's "political masochism." Knesset State Control Committee Chairman Zevulun Orlev demanded that Prime Minister Ehud Olmert fire Tamir immediately.


MKs at odds over Arab text book affair

JPost.com Staff, THE JERUSALEM POST Jul. 22, 2007

Lawmakers were at odds on Sunday over Education Minister Yuli Tamir's decision to approve text books containing the Palestinian version of the 1948 War of Independence - namely, that the creation of the state of Israel was a Naqba, or "catastrophe."

MK Zevulun Orlev (NU/NRP) called on Prime Minister Ehud Olmert to fire Education Minister Yuli Tamir, saying that by allowing the Palestinian version of events into school books, she was erasing Jewish history and granting the Arabs legitimacy in refusing to recognize Israel as a Jewish state.

MK Alex Miller (Israel Beiteinu), meanwhile, said that Tamir had failed her calling and approved an anti-Zionist book.

Former education minister Limor Livnat (Likud) also warned that including the Arab version of events could lead students to think they should work against Israel.

However, MK Yisrael Hasson (Israel Beiteinu) contested that "trying to hide the Naqba is like trying to hide the sun with a curtain," referring to criticism of

According to Hasson, refusing to acknowledge the Palestinian side of the story "greatly harms the credibility of our establishment."

Hasson explained that "every child in Umm al-Fahm knows about the Naqba - he grew up with it from the day he was born, and he also knows that his country is ignoring it."

He said that for this reason, he was not rejecting Tamir's decision straight away.

"In order to present a balanced picture, there is no reason not the teach the two points of view in both Arab and Jewish schools," he said.

Meanwhile, MK Ahmed Tibi (United Arab List) lauded the decision and said the books should be used in Jewish schools, as well. Jewish students also deserve to know the truth, he said.

According to the report, the ministry authorized a third-grade text book which says, among other things, that some of the Arab residents of Palestine were evicted from their homes and became refugees, and that Israel expropriated a great deal of Arab land.

However, the book also mentions that it was the Arabs who rejected the UN program for dividing the country, and that the Jews agreed to it.

Tamir said of the decision that it was important to grant expression to the widespread perception in the Arab community that the 1948 war a tragedy for the Palestinians.




terça-feira, julho 17, 2007

Aquisições de livros sobre o Oriente Médio, o conflito árabe-israelense, o Império Otomano, judaísmo, sionismo, xiismo e leis de guerra

Adquiri recentemente(alguns já possuía faz tempo :-) ) os livros listados abaixo sobre o Oriente Médio, o conflito árabe-israelense, o Império Otomano, judaísmo, xiismo, sunismo, sionismo e leis da guerra. Aos poucos escreverei resenhas acerca dos livros e farei análises comparando-os e tirando conclusões acerca dessa região importante e tempestuosa. Essas análises são ainda mais importantes devido aos mitos e falácias históricas existentes na historiografia da região, devido especialmente à existência de tendências ideológicas que falsificam a verdade histórica e fatual do Oriente Médio.

A primeiras resenhas serão sobre os excelentes livros de Efraim Karsh, que trouxeram à tona uma visão mais realista sobre o Oriente Médio. Além de uma história que pode ser considerada revisionista sobre o Oriente Médio, Karsh também destruiu as falsificações e omissões da chamada "Nova História" israelense que tentou recriar uma História que atendesse às suas demandas ideológicas de extrema esquerda e pós-sionistas.

Toda essa análise historiográfica é fundamental para eliminar os mitos, sem base fatual e análitica, que são afirmados por diversas correntes ideológicas extremistas tanto à direita quanto à esquerda do espectro ideológico do mundo atual.

Entrem em contato caso precisem de maiores informações sobre a História do período e se necessitarem de dados históricos e embasados acerca desses tópicos e livros.

RETHINKING THE MIDDLE EAST de EFRAIM KARSH

The Arab-Israeli Conflict: The Palestine War 1948 de Efraim Karsh

Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789-1923 de Efraim Karsh

Fabricating Israeli History: The 'New Historians' de Efraim Karsh

Islamic Imperialism: A History de Efraim Karsh

The Origins of Zionism de David Vital

Zionism and the Arabs 1882-1948: A Study of Ideology de Yosef Gorny

The Road Not Taken: Early Arab-Israeli Negotiations de Itamar Rabinovich

Israel and the Arab World de Aharon Cohen

Ben-Gurion and the Palestinian Arabs: From Peace to War de Shabtai Teveth

The Arabs and Zionism before World War I de Neville Mandel

Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of "Transfer" in Zionist Political Thought, 1882-1948 de Nur Masalha

The Missing Peace: The Inside Story of the Fight for Middle East Peace de Dennis Ross

Jewish Divide Over Israel: Accusers and Defenders de Edward Alexander (Editor) e Paul Bogdanor (Editor)

The Jewish State: The Struggle for Israel's Soul de Yoram Hazony

The Zionist Ideology (Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry Series , No 21) de Gideon Shimoni

A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time, 3rd Edition de Howard Sachar

The Palestine triangle: The struggle for the Holy Land, 1935-48 de Nicholas William Bethell

The End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1923 de A.L. Macfie

A NEVER-ENDING CONFLICT: A GUIDE TO ISRAELI MILITARY HISTORY editado por MORDECHAI BAR-ON

A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time, Second Edition de Howard Sachar

Right to Exist: A Moral Defense of Israel's Wars de Yaacov Lozowick

Battleground: Fact & Fantasy in Palestine de Samuel Katz

The Chatham House Version And Other Middle Eastern Studies de Elie Kedourie

In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: The McMahon-Husayn Correspondence and its Interpretations 1914-1939 de Elie Kedourie

Palestine 1948: War, Escape And The Emergence Of The Palestinian Refugee Problem de Yoav Gelber

The Forgotten Millions: The Modern Jewish Exodus from Arab Lands editado por Malka Hillel Shulewitz

The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land Settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948 de Arieh Avneri

Land and Power: The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881-1948 de Anita Shapira

Records of Dispossession: Palestinian Refugee Property and the Arab-Israeli Conflict de Michael Fischbach

The Peace Process And Palestine Refugee Claims: Addressing Claims for Property Compensation de Michael Fischbach

The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future de Vali Nasr

Between Hashemites and Zionists: The Struggle for Palestine 1908-1988 de Martin Sicker

BRITAIN, THE HASHEMITES AND ARAB RULE 1920-1925 : The Sherifian Solution de TIMOTHY J.PARIS

Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict de NORMAN G. FINKELSTEIN

PALESTINIAN IDENTITY: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness de RASHID KHALIDI

PANGS OF THE MESSIAH: THE TROUBLED BIRTH OF THE JEWISH STATE de Martin Sicker

POLITICS AND SOCIETY IN OTTOMAN PALESTINE: The Arab Struggle for Survival and Power de DONNA ROBINSON DIVINE

Prelude to Israel: AN ANALYSIS OF ZIONIST DIPLOMACY 1897-1947 de ALAN R. TAYLOR

Semites and Anti-Semites: AN INQUIRY INTO CONFLICT AND PREJUDICE de Bernard Lewis

THE BALKAN WARS 1912-1913: Prelude to the First World War de Richard C. Hall

The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire editado por MARIAN KENT

The Great Powers in the Middle East 1919-1939 editado por Uriel Dann

The international politics of the Middle East de Raymond Hinnebusch

THE ISRAEL/PALESTINE QUESTION editado por Ilan Pappé

The Land Question in Palestine, 1917-1939 de Kenneth W. Stein

THE POLITICS OF PARTITION 1921-1951: King Abdullah, the Zionists and Palestine de AVI SHLAIM

WAR IN PALESTINE 1948: Strategy and Diplomacy de DAVID TAL

ZIONISM AND ARABISM IN PALESTINE AND ISRAEL editado por ELIE KEDOURIE e SYLVIA G.HAIM

The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude Seventh-Twentieth Century de Bat Ye'or

Israel and the Bomb de Avner Cohen

The Bomb in the Basement: How Israel Went Nuclear and What That Means for the World de Michael Karpin

Sowing the Wind de John Keay

A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East de David Fromkin

The emergence of the Middle East: 1914-1924 de Howard Sachar

A Lei da Guerra: Direito Internacional e Conflito Armado de Michael Byers

Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East: 1776 to the Present de Michael Oren

Seis Dias de Guerra: Junho de 1967 e a Formação do Moderno Oriente Médio de Michael Oren

The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East de Abraham Rabinovich

Osman's Dream: the History of the Ottoman Empire de Caroline Finkel

A History of Zionism: From the French Revolution to the Establishment of the State of Israel de Walter Laqueur

Genesis 1948: The First Arab-Israeli War de Dan Kurzman

O Jerusalem! de Larry Collins e Dominique Lapierre

Churchill's Folly: How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq de Christopher Catherwood

Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918 de Hasan Kayali

Comrades and Enemies: Arab and Jewish Workers in Palestine, 1906-1948 de Zachary Lockman

Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918 de Hasan Kayali

Palestine: Factionalism in the National Movement (1919 - 1939) de Manuel Hassassian

Arab Nationalism and the Palestinians (1850-1939) de Abdelaziz Ayyad

A History of Zionism: From the French Revolution to the Establishment of the State of Israel de Walter Laqueur

Ocidentalismo: O Ocidente aos olhos dos seus inimigos de Ian Buruma e Avishai Margalit

Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages de Mark Cohen

O Pensamento Árabe na Era Liberal de Albert Hourani

Uma História dos Povos Árabes de Albert Hourani

Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century de Adeed Dawisha

The Making of the Modern Near East 1792-1923 de M. E. Yapp

The Near East Since the First World War: A History to 1995 de M. E. Yapp